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The Overprivileged Access Crisis: A CISO’s Guide to Data Access Governance

Author

Aman Razi Kidwai

Security Researcher at Securiti

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Overprivileged data access has quietly become a systemic risk, where users, groups, and machines routinely hold far broader permissions than their jobs require. Approximately 74% of data breaches are caused by stolen or compromised credentials, resulting in costly security incidents [1]. Meanwhile, regulators have raised the stakes—under the GDPR alone, fines can reach up to 4% of global revenue or $22 million for mishandling data [2].

The Generative AI boom adds fuel to the fire. Enterprises now see a 30-fold spike in data flowing into LLM-powered workflows—often including passwords, regulated PII, and other crown-jewel assets [3]. This growth is exacerbated by "Shadow AI"—employees using personal accounts and ungoverned AI tools, which introduces new threats and significantly increases the blast radius. GenAI models can inadvertently expose confidential internal data, including proprietary details, customer data, and intellectual property, especially when manipulated through adversarial prompts.

Moreover,  GenAI presents substantial compliance challenges. Companies must navigate not only established regulations, such as GDPR and HIPAA, but also emerging frameworks specifically targeting AI, including the EU AI Act. Failure to effectively govern data access within GenAI environments can rapidly translate into regulatory noncompliance, substantial fines, and reputational damage.

Traditional methods for managing data access through native data system controls are insufficient. They lack scalability when handling large volumes of data and multiple users across diverse environments. Moreover, these fragmented control systems provide no unified visibility or swift investigative capability to clearly identify and remediate "Who has access" and "Who should have access."

Data+AI Access Governance Challenges You Can’t Ignore

The following are critical challenges organizations face in effectively governing and securing Data+AI access:

Lack of Visibility

Sensitive data resides across diverse data systems, including on-prem, hybrid multi-clouds, SaaS applications, and data lakes. Each environment labels and governs data differently, leaving security teams without a consistent, centralized view into exactly where data exists, who has access to it, and how entitlements are structured. Additionally, 40–90% of enterprise data is “Shadow Data”—collected but never properly catalogued or managed, further complicating visibility and access governance. This lack of visibility extends beyond data to encompass users, groups, entitlements, and the capability to rapidly discover and remediate access issues.

Risky Entitlements

Over-provisioned roles and permissions significantly increase risks, potentially leading to substantial financial and reputational losses. Roles, ACLs, and ad-hoc permissions accumulate faster than they are revoked, resulting in over-provisioned access that compromised identities can exploit to access sensitive data. Without insights into user activity and entitlement utilization, security teams lack the critical context needed to promptly remediate risks.

AI Security Gaps

GenAI models and LLM-powered copilots introduce additional risks around unauthorized data access. Without proper enforcement of entitlements and verification of queries, sensitive data can be inadvertently exposed to users of AI who lack access to the underlying data. Key risks include unintentional or unauthorized employee disclosures, data exfiltration—where sensitive data is stolen via AI outputs —and reconnaissance attacks, where compromised identities exploit AI systems to gain unauthorized access. Regular audits to identify inadequacies in existing data access controls are often missing, exacerbating these vulnerabilities.

Scalability Limitations

Security teams increasingly struggle to manually review and manage access for new datasets, entitlements, and AI pipelines at scale. Without automation, these teams face the difficult choice of either hindering innovation due to resource constraints or allowing potentially risky projects to proceed unchecked. The challenge of maintaining least-privileged data access increases as organizations manage vast volumes of structured and unstructured data across diverse and multiple data systems.

Compliance Violations

Rapidly evolving regulations, such as GDPR, PCI DSS, HIPAA, and emerging AI-specific laws, as well as cross-border data rules, outpace traditional annual audit cycles. Manually collecting compliance evidence is resource-intensive and error-prone, allowing compliance gaps to persist unnoticed. Additionally, data accessed or retained in violation of established security and privacy protocols further amplifies these risks, ultimately exposing organizations to fines, legal actions, and reputational harm.

Securiti’s 5 Pillars of Least-Privilege Access Powered by DSPM

Securiti Data Command Center delivers a unified approach to data access governance, purpose-built for modern enterprises navigating the complexities of AI, data security, privacy, governance and compliance. The platform supports structured, unstructured, and streaming data across hybrid multicloud and SaaS environments, enabling organizations to consistently identify and address access risks and enforce access control policies across diverse data systems and AI agents and copilots.

Securiti’s 5 Pillars of Least-Privilege Access Powered by DSPM

Correlate Entitlements via DataCommand Graph™

At the core of Securiti’s Data Access Intelligence & Governance solution is the DataCommand Graph™, a dynamic knowledge graph that correlates the metadata relationships around your data, including the data type, sensitivity, location, users, roles, entitlements, security posture, and many other dimensions. With Securiti’s DataCommand Graph, organizations can quickly answer fundamental questions such as:

  • Who has data access?
  • What sensitive data is accessible?
  • Who are the most active users?
  • Is data access compliant?
  • Which users or machines have over-provisioned access?
  • What sensitive data should be masked?

This correlation of extensive metadata provides security teams with deep contextual intelligence about risky data access entitlements and recommendations for enforcing least-privileged controls.

1. Automate Data Discovery & Classification at Scale

Imagine automatically discovering sensitive, unstructured data, such as customer PII, scattered across AWS S3 buckets, similar to the Pegasus Airlines incident in 2022, where overprivileged access and a lack of monitoring of privileged user activity exposed sensitive operational data and PII, violating Turkish data protection law [4]. Securiti makes it easier to manage data risk by automating data discovery and classification. With agentless scanning and the establishment of native connectors for over 400 popular structured and unstructured data systems, organizations can quickly discover shadow and cloud-native data with ease. Additionally, built-in machine learning techniques and hundreds of out-of-the-box classifiers enhance discovery, allowing organizations to extend and customize them to meet their specific business needs, thereby accurately identifying sensitive data.

Customer Example

A financial organization can leverage pre-built content profiles and categorize data by document type, such as banking files or loan documents. These profiles can then empower the enforcement of access controls tailored to specific regulatory needs, such as auditing PCI-related data, testing access policies based on PCI compliance, or monitoring access to legal documentation through specialized machine learning-based classification.

2. Gain Contextual Data Access Intelligence

Built-in dashboards quickly highlight data and AI security access risks across structured and unstructured systems. Security teams gain immediate insights into who has access to specific data resources, with detailed privilege analyses at granular file and table levels, presented in graphical representations. Dashboards enable the monitoring of user activities, allowing for the swift identification of the most active users and the recommendation of optimal configurations for enforcing least-privilege access.

Teams can also thoroughly explore the relationships between users, service accounts, roles, entitlement policies, databases, tables, files, data elements, and other IAM objects, thereby enhancing visibility into complex entitlement structures. Additionally, built-in, predefined queries provide instant identification of risks, such as over-provisioned users and roles, or privileges granting access to sensitive data elements. Security analysts can further enhance visibility and investigative capabilities by creating custom IAM search queries tailored to specific entitlement concerns and continuously monitoring identities accessing sensitive data systems.

Customer Example

An analyst can create a query to identify all users, groups and machine entities with direct read access to files containing sensitive PCI data, such as Bank Account numbers and SSNs, stored in structured systems like databases, or unstructured systems like SharePoint sites. This query can be further refined by filtering for data created or modified after a specific date and by restricting results based on geographic location, such as identifying user accounts located outside the EU that have access to EU-stored sensitive data.

3. Automate Policy-Based Access Controls

Securiti enables organizations to dynamically enforce access controls using flexible policies built from hundreds of metadata attributes captured within the DataCommand Graph™. Security teams can leverage the graph’s powerful no-code expression builder to precisely define data and identity scopes, targeting structured and unstructured data resources such as files, tables, and columns. Identity attributes sourced from IDPs or native data systems ensure that policies accurately target specific users, groups, and roles.

Organizations can then define robust privileges and row-level filtering policies that ensure users only access data aligned with their business context, effectively preventing sensitive data leakage. Additionally, teams can dynamically mask sensitive data during queries using a comprehensive, GUI-based expression builder, employing built-in masking functions, custom masking styles, or native SQL. This empowers secure and compliant data sharing across the enterprise without limiting operational efficiency.

Customer Example

An organization can enable safe access to its customer database for sales and marketing teams while ensuring compliance and operational efficiency. Sales teams can be granted READ-only privileges restricted to customer records from their specific country, while marketing teams can have READ access across all customer data. Interns, however, can be explicitly denied access. Additionally, sensitive data, such as customer names and phone numbers, can be dynamically masked during queries, ensuring the protection of personal data.

4. Enable Safe AI Data Access in SaaS & Enterprise Apps

Organizations adopting AI copilots and agents in their customer service or sales processes face the risk of “unintended data access.” Securiti helps organizations safely adopt SaaS AI Copilots and Agents by strengthening data access governance across connected SaaS systems. Furthermore, by leveraging Securiti’s context-aware LLM firewalls, organizations can ensure that AI-generated responses strictly adhere to defined access entitlements, thereby proactively preventing unauthorized data disclosures. Additionally, entitlement information is seamlessly integrated into GenAI pipelines to enforce precise data access controls at the prompt level. This capability includes dynamically masking structured data for specific roles and users, ensuring sensitive data remains protected and only accessible based on user privileges, thereby significantly enhancing security and compliance in AI-enabled applications.

Customer Example

Without proper data access governance, an engineering employee with access to sensitive HR data can query an AI copilot, such as Microsoft 365 or Amazon Q, to learn about the salaries of other employees, including sensitive executive compensation details, resulting in unintended exposure across the company.

In an enterprise scenario, internal financial advisors might use a copilot to query detailed investment profiles and portfolios of their clients. However, without appropriate controls, clients themselves could inadvertently gain access to other clients' confidential investment information, instead of being strictly restricted to their own portfolios. Through built-in data access intelligence and controls, Securiti ensures least-privileged data access across systems connected to AI copilots, thereby preventing unintended data access by employees and accelerating the safe adoption of AI.

5. Ensure Data Access Compliance With Regulations

Securiti simplifies navigating complex regulations through its built‑in compliance intelligence in the knowledge graph that continuously maps every data access entitlement to the requirements of GDPR, HIPAA, PCI DSS, the EU AI Act, and other global standards.

Customer Example

By utilizing the knowledge graph, compliance teams can quickly identify access entitlements that may violate regulations, such as GDPR. For instance, analysts can easily identify scenarios where users based in Singapore have been granted access privileges to sensitive datasets containing personal information of EU residents, which are stored in European data centers. Such cross-border data access could represent a direct violation of GDPR. The system flags this scenario immediately, allowing compliance teams to proactively remediate by restricting access or applying additional data protection measures.

Further, graph queries and pre‑packaged policies instantly surface entitlements that violate specific regulations. Such as a contractor group with WRITE permissions on EU‑resident data, and guide one‑click remediation. The same knowledge graph highlights cross‑border residency risks in seconds, showing precisely which datasets are accessible from or transferred to non‑permitted jurisdictions. For example, detecting when a dataset containing EU‑resident personal data stored in Germany is accessed by a user account in Singapore. Cross-border policies can prevent this sovereignty violation by restricting access or enforcing masking policies to ensure compliance.

Scheduled automated tests feed real-time dashboards, providing compliance teams and executives with summary insights, such as highlighting an 85% GDPR compliance rate alongside details on passed tests, total tests conducted, and specific compliance findings. This helps pinpoint areas needing attention, such as user privileges violating regulatory controls, and swiftly addresses them without manually sifting through weeks' worth of historical data.

To effectively mitigate data security risks and accelerate digital transformation, organizations must adopt robust data access governance solutions. Implementing Securiti’s DSPM platform enables comprehensive Data Access Intelligence & Governance (DAIG), enforcing consistent, enterprise-wide least privilege access controls.

Secure Data Sharing & AI Copilot Adoption Across Hybrid Multi-Clouds & SaaS

Securiti’s Data Access Intelligence & Governance lets organizations share data at the speed of business, while enforcing the security and compliance controls auditors demand. Additionally, enterprises can safely and rapidly adopt AI copilots, leveraging advanced GenAI capabilities without compromising data security or regulatory compliance. By embedding intelligent data access governance directly into data workflows, Securiti not only safeguards sensitive information but also unlocks transformative opportunities for secure data innovation and operational excellence.

Ready to enforce Data+AI access before it’s exploited?
Book a demo now and see how Securiti enables least-privilege access at scale.


References
[1] https://securis.com/news/privileged-access-management/
[2] https://gdpr-info.eu/issues/fines-penalties/#:~:text=For%20especially%20severe%20violations%2C%20listed,fiscal%20year%2C%20whichever%20is%20higher

[3] https://www.nttdata.com/global/en/insights/focus/2024/security-risks-of-generative-ai-and-countermeasures#:~:text=a%20significant%20increase%20in%20data%20interactions%20with%20generative%20AI
[4] https://www.syteca.com/en/blog/real-life-examples-insider-threat-caused-breaches

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