DSPM provides a holistic approach to data security, integrating several key capabilities to ensure data management, compliance, and protection across diverse multi-cloud, on-premises, and hybrid environments.
GigaOm’s definition of DSPM begins with identifying sensitive data, which is the first fundamental step in understanding how DSPM works. The GigaOm Radar report further provides a detailed list of key capabilities a robust DSPM solution should offer.
Data Discovery
Data discovery involves scanning and identifying all data assets within an organization’s data estate, including multi-cloud environments, on-premises systems, and hybrid infrastructures. DSPM solutions automate the process of locating structured and unstructured data assets, ensuring no data source is overlooked. This process helps organizations create a comprehensive inventory of what data they possess and where it is stored.
Data Classification
Once data is discovered, DSPM tools classify it based on its sensitivity, the regulatory requirements that pertain to it, its business importance, and according to policies relevant to the specific industry or internal policies determined by the organization. In the process of classification, the data may be tagged into categories like personally identifiable information (PII), financial records, or intellectual property (IP), as well as by regulations like GDPR, CPRA, Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). This critical step enables security teams to apply the right controls over the data and prioritize the protection of the most sensitive data.
Data Flow Mapping
Data flow mapping tracks how data moves within and between systems, applications, and networks. As data flows to and from various environments, tracking data movements and maintaining robust security measures becomes more challenging. Teams across the enterprise need to visualize how data moves between systems to accurately assess whether privacy and security controls apply consistently to the data. DSPM tools visually represent data flows, highlighting where data is accessed, transmitted, and stored. Understanding data flows helps teams trace data transformations, track duplicates for remediation, identify potential vulnerabilities more effectively, and ensure that security measures are applied consistently throughout the data lifecycle.
Risk Assessment
Once organizations identify, classify, and visualize data at rest and in motion, they need to analyze the data assets and flows to determine potential security threats and vulnerabilities. DSPM solutions enable organizations to conduct effective risk assessments by continuously monitoring data environments for vulnerabilities like unauthorized access and misconfigurations. DSPM tools can also assign risk scores to data assets, helping security teams prioritize remediation efforts and allocate resources to address the most critical risks.
Data Access Intelligence & Controls
DSPM monitors and tracks insights into sensitive data access based on users, roles, and geographies. Using sensitive data insights where data is mapped with regulatory insights, DSPM sets up access policies, such as which user or role can have what level of permission to access certain data, systems, or applications. Governance teams can effectively implement a least privileged access model by monitoring specific access parameters, such as inactive users or overtime access usage.
Security Control Implementation
Building upon risk assessment capabilities, DSPM helps organizations enforce security controls to protect data based on its classification and risk scores. These controls may include access controls to restrict who is allowed to view or modify data, encryption to protect data in motion and at rest, and data masking to obscure sensitive information. By automating policies around these security controls, DSPM helps organizations ensure that the controls are applied consistently across all environments, reducing the risk of human error.
Data Lineage Tracking
Data transformation occurs at any given instance, from creation and analysis to retention. Tracking data lineage at scale can be challenging for security teams, creating further security gaps. Robust DSPM solutions should allow data and security teams to track changes to the data over time to understand better how it is impacted, accessed, and changed down the line.
Monitoring and Auditing
Continuous monitoring is essential for mitigating threats to sensitive data, determining what data might be at risk across systems, and spotting potential security issues in real-time before the data is compromised. DSPM comprehensively monitors data access, usage patterns, and security configurations, ensuring that any deviations are promptly identified. Additionally, it maintains detailed records of all data interactions in accordance with regulatory requirements for compliance.
DSPM tools can automatically respond to data breaches to mitigate their impact when they are detected. Automated response capabilities may include isolating the affected systems, revoking compromised access credentials, and initiating a breach notification process. In particular, DSPM assists in assessing the incident's impact by determining the amount of data exposed, identifying whose data was compromised, and evaluating potential regulatory fines. It also automates the required notifications as mandated by law while providing a comprehensive analysis to enhance security measures and refine response strategies for future threats.
Seamless Integration with Enterprise Stack
A good DSPM solution should offer smooth integration with existing stacks, such as incident response tools, SIEM, etc. This important operational aspect ensures that the tool works seamlessly with existing workflows and helps maximize the current stack's value.
Secure AI Data Flows
As data moves through various stages of AI development, it is exposed to multiple risks, ranging from sensitive data exposure and oversharing to poor-quality training data and excessive agency. DSPM solutions should provide advanced capabilities to organizations, enabling them to accelerate the safe adoption of AI, such as data sanitization, cleansing, redaction, and masking.
DSPM vs. CSPM: An Overview of Differences
As organizations rapidly adopt cloud technologies, they face the challenge of securing both their infrastructure and their data across complex, multi-cloud environments. This landscape has given rise to two critical yet distinct security approaches: Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM) and Data Security Posture Management (DSPM). While both practices involve continuous multi-cloud protection, they differ in focus.
CSPM emerged first, focusing on the infrastructure layer (rather than the data layer). Since DSPM technology is still in its early stages (Gartner categorizes the maturity level of DSPM as “embryonic”), it is common for some organizations to have difficulty distinguishing between CSPM and DSPM.
CSPM is a set of tools designed to discover, alert, and remediate cloud misconfiguration issues and compliance risks. Every cloud service has distinct settings, or configurations, that determine how it should be used. When teams move quickly in the cloud, they often configure services incorrectly, inadvertently increasing security risk. Each cloud provider and various security standards, like those by CIS or NIST, provide best practices to guide proper cloud service configurations. CSPM tools scan cloud infrastructure configurations against these best practices to identify and remediate security gaps immediately. Overall, CSPM tools primarily focus on cloud infrastructure, emphasizing a cloud-first approach.
However, CSPM solutions are limited because they lack context around the data stored in the cloud service. Without that context, it’s difficult for security teams to determine whether a configuration setting poses a security risk. For example, if an Amazon S3 bucket is publicly accessible through a configuration setting, a CSPM solution will always alert the user that it’s a security risk. However, if the S3 bucket contains non-sensitive data, such as marketing images for a website’s front end, then making the data publicly accessible is actually the correct behavior.
Due to their lack of intelligence around data, CSPM solutions can generate many false positive data security alerts, diverting security attention toward issues that don’t need to be fixed. When this happens, there is a risk that security owners or developers might ignore alerts, allowing a real misconfiguration, such as a public S3 bucket with sensitive customer PII, to slip through and increase the risk of a security breach.
DSPM complements CSPM with its deep intelligence around an organization’s data everywhere within cloud infrastructure services and SaaS applications. DSPM takes a “data-first” approach by prioritizing the discovery of sensitive data in the environment to identify potential security and compliance misconfiguration risks.
In the example above, a DSPM tool will only generate an alert if the S3 bucket contains sensitive data, such as customer PII, that should be protected based on company security policy. Besides identifying and auto-remediating security misconfiguration risks, a DSPM solution also helps establish data access control policies. Organizations can streamline their security, governance, and compliance functions with deep visibility into sensitive data and appropriate controls.
CSPM focuses broadly on all cloud services that provide computing, storage, and network solutions, ensuring they are configured correctly. DSPM tools focus broadly on all data systems and services within the cloud and SaaS applications ensuring these services are configured correctly while enforcing appropriate data access controls. Both solutions should be used simultaneously in an organization’s layered defense strategy.
How to Get Started with DSPM
Getting started with DSPM requires a structured approach that ensures effective deployment throughout your organization and seamless integration within your existing infrastructure. These steps are critical for building a unified and efficient data security environment that ensures continuous protection and compliance.
DSPM Deployment
Identify Your Organization’s Security Requirements: Start by thoroughly understanding your organization’s security needs and objectives. Assess your data assets, compliance requirements, security policies, and the top risks to your sensitive data. Involve key stakeholders, especially from IT, compliance, governance, and legal teams, to gain alignment on your cybersecurity objectives from the beginning.
Select the Best Solution for Your Business Needs: After clearly understanding your security requirements, evaluate and select a DSPM solution that best fits your business needs. Consider factors like scalability, integration with other systems in your tech stack, breadth of security features, and customer support.
Empower Your Security Team to Work with the DSPM: Provide necessary training for your new DSPM solution, ensuring that key members of the organization understand its functionalities and how to leverage them effectively. Foster collaboration between your cybersecurity teams and other departments involved to integrate DSPM practices into your broader organizational workflow from the start.
Deploy and Configure the DSPM and Start Monitoring: Set up your DSPM technology according to your organization’s specific requirements and data environment. This involves configuring data discovery and classification processes, defining policies, setting up access controls, and defining monitoring parameters. Once deployed, initiate continuous monitoring to gather insights into your security posture and detect any potential threats.
Integrate the DSPM with Your Other Security Tools: Integrate DSPM into your existing security stack, which may include SIEM, IAM, and incident response tools (see the “DSPM Integrations” section below). Regularly updating and fine-tuning the DSPM setup based on feedback and evolving security needs will be necessary to maintain and optimize its effectiveness and value.
DSPM Integrations
Identity and Access Management (IAM): DSPM integration enhances IAM security by enabling organizations to enforce least-privilege access to sensitive data. DSPM solutions can leverage IAM integration to understand identity attributes, such as user job role, location, and departments, to help define scalable attribute-based access controls.
Cloud Access Security Brokers (CASBs): CASBs control access to cloud systems, while DSPM offers more detailed information about the data within the applications, such as data sensitivity and usage. DSPM can complement CASBs to lead to more refined and effective security policies.
Security Information and Event Management (SIEM): DSPM enhances SIEM with the contextual data intelligence needed to correlate data-related events with other security logs. This offers a more complete view of potential threats and improves incident response capabilities.
Data Loss Prevention (DLP): DSPM provides accurate updates about where sensitive data is located, improving the accuracy of DLP policies and reducing false positives.
Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS): DSPM integration with IDPS improves the monitoring, detection, and prevention of intrusions that threaten sensitive data. This makes IDPS more data-aware and focused on protecting the most critical information
Security Analytics: DSPM feeds valuable data insights into security analytics platforms, enriching the analysis with detailed information about data sensitivity, access patterns, and potential risks. This allows for more sophisticated threat detection and risk assessment.
What to Look for in a DSPM Solution